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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Aramaic, a Semitic language from Syria, becomes the lingua franca of the Middle East | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The Greek city states pioneer the use of citizen armies, made up of free men who bring their own fighting equipment | |
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| 546 BC |
| | | Sardis, the capital city of the Lydian ruler Croesus, is taken by the Persians | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews begin to rebuild the Temple | |
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| 534 BC |
| | | Thespis, traditionally considered the first actor, wins the drama competition in Athens | |
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| 530 BC |
| | | Cyrus the Great is buried in an austerely impressive tomb at Pasagardae, in Persia | |
|  | Pasagardae, Tomb of Cyrus
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| c. 530 BC |
| | | The Greek colonists of Paestum, in southern Italy, build the first of their three superb temples | |
|  | Paestum, Basilica
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| c. 529 BC |
| | | The Greek mathematician Pythagoras establishes himself, along with his followers, in southern Italy | |
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